The talk by John Leighfield on 12 May commenced with the Gough Map of England (c. 1400), housed in Oxford’s Bodleian Library and a key early map and how detailed development accelerated in the 16th century. Christopher Saxton’s 1579 atlas of England and Wales, funded by Elizabeth I’s courtier Thomas Seckford, became foundational. His surveys from high vantage points informed the 6th edition of William Camden’s Britannia (1607).

John Speed’s 1611 atlas added town plans and ‘hundreds’. Late Dutch engravers subsequently produced world atlases including Britain, often adapting Speed’s work occasionally with transcription errors. Notably, roads were absent until John Ogilby’s Britannia (1675), which introduced strip maps for routes and distances, reflecting growing travel needs.

The late 18th century saw county survey competitions sponsored by the Royal Society of the Arts, spurring progress. The 1791 establishment of the Ordnance Survey, driven by French invasion fears, shifted focus to official, topographical mapping at a variety of scales, largely ending commercial mapping. The depiction of places like Radley (also appearing as Rodley) on these maps evolved with improved surveying. Today, platforms like Google Maps offer instant global access, a significant leap from the laborious creation and limited availability of historical maps.

The speaker on 14 April was Katherine Bradley, who described how the path for women in professional gardening evolved significantly thanks to several pioneering figures. While traditionally seen as a domestic pursuit, individuals like Jane Loudon in the mid-19th century played a crucial role by writing and illustrating accessible gardening guides specifically for women, popularising the activity and laying the groundwork for greater involvement in gardening and horticulture.

Towards the late 19th and early 20th centuries, true professionalisation began. Fanny Wilkinson became Britain’s first professional female landscape gardener, notably designing public spaces for the Metropolitan Public Gardens Association, proving women could undertake large-scale, public horticultural work. Simultaneously, Gertrude Jekyll, an influential garden designer, writer, and artist, elevated garden design through her sophisticated planting schemes and collaborations, becoming a highly respected professional whose work demonstrated the artistic and technical possibilities for women in the field. 

Early horticultural colleges for women included the Glynde School for Lady Gardeners and Swanley Horticultural College. Recognising the need for formal training, Daisy, Countess of Warwick, used her influence and resources to establish horticultural colleges for women, such as Studley College after an earlier trial in Reading, providing structured pathways into professional careers. Building on this foundation, Beatrix Havergal, along with Avice Sanders, founded the renowned Waterperry Horticultural School for Women in 1932. Waterperry became famous for its rigorous, practical training, producing highly skilled female gardeners and establishing a benchmark for professional horticultural education for women. 

Collectively, these women – through popularisation, pioneering professional practice, influential design, patronage of education and dedicated training – challenged societal norms, broke down barriers and established credible pathways for women to pursue and succeed in professional gardening careers, fundamentally shaping the landscape for future generations.

The speaker on 10 March 2025 was Maurice East, who specialises in researching lesser-known stories about Oxford and leads walking tours around the city.

Oxford’s journey from a walled city in 1096 to a rapidly expanding urban center was gradual until the early 20th century. The establishment of the University in the medieval period shaped its character, but the city remained relatively calm until William Morris founded his motor factory in Cowley. This industrial development in the east created a distinct ‘Motopolis’, contrasting with the historic ‘Christminster’ in the west, and led to the expansion of residential areas like Blackbird Leys beyond the traditional boundaries. 

Post-World War I, Oxford’s transport system, reliant on horse-drawn trams and stagecoaches, was ill-equipped for the burgeoning car ownership. Recognising the need for urban planning, Lawrence Dale proposed a relief road in his 1944 book, Towards a Plan for Oxford City, suggesting a route along Broad Walk outside Christ Church College. 

Formal town planning gained momentum after World War II, with the 1953 City of Oxford plan acknowledging the potential benefits of a relief road to alleviate traffic congestion in the historic centre. However, the proposal to build this road through Christchurch Meadow sparked significant opposition from the University and the public, elevating it to a major point of contention, even reaching the government’s cabinet. 

Ultimately, Oxford adopted a ‘Balanced Transport Policy’ that prioritised sustainable transportation methods. This shift in focus led to the abandonment of the controversial Christchurch Meadow relief road plan, consigning it to history.